- These computers have been infected by computer viruses. 这些计算机已被病毒感染。
- The contract was worked out very carefully. (那时)该合同订得很仔细。
- The book is well written. 这本书写得好。
- The cup is broken. 这个杯子是破的。
注:The cup was broken yesterday. 这个杯子是昨天打破的。本句中过去分词和 was 构成被动态。关于表语和被动态差别,可参阅第 135 节、三。
- The boy is easier led than driven. 这男孩易于接受劝导,而不接受强迫。
a solved problem 一个解决了的问题;
boiled water 开(过了的)水;
the insulated body 被绝缘的物体;
newly invented machines 新发明的机器;
best known elements 最熟悉的元素;
highly developed tertiary industries 高度发展的第三产业;
so-called robots(或 what are called robots)所谓的机器人等
the problem discussed(被)讨论的问题;
a book written by the old scientist 一本由老科学家写的书;
the amount of heat given off in there action 在该反应中所放出的热量;
the problem spoken of at the meeting 在会上(被)谈到的那个问题等
注:如果在上述过去分词前加用 to be 两词,则整个短语分别变为:要(被)讨论的问题、一本将由老科学家编写的书、将在该反应中放出的热量、将在会上(被)谈到的那个问题等。如果改为加用 being,则上述短语分别变为:正在(被)讨论的问题;一本由老科学家正在编写的书… 等。
a computer-controlled machine tool 一台由计算机控制的机床;
man-made ice 人造冰;
a silver-plated cup 一个镀银的杯子;
hand-made goods 手工制品;
export-oriented economy 外向型经济等
注:有些过去分词已转化为具有被动意义的形容词,例如:driven gear 从动齿轮,finished products(制)成品;a very complicated problem 一个十分复杂的问题等
- What makes the computer introduced only some 30 years ago (= which was introduced some 30 years ago), so valuable a production tool? 计算机大约是在30年前问世的。是什么使它成为有价值的生产工具呢?
- At present we are discussing the new suggestion, brought up by Mr.YeHang (或 which has been brought up by Mr. YeHang). 叶航先生提出了新建议,我们正在进行讨论。
注:上述非限制性定语翻译时常采用分译法。
- Heated, the metal expands. 金属受热就膨胀。(时间)
- Equipped with the electronic brains, the factory overfulfils its production plan every month. 由于配备了电脑,工厂每月超额完成生产计划。(原因)
- Given a new-type computer, we will carry out this work much better. 如果给予一台新型的计算机,我们进行这项工作就会好得多了。(条件)
注:如果谓语为将来时,过去分词短语“given + 名词”作状语,常用于表示条件。又如:Given plenty of labour, the job will be completed on schedule. 如果提供充分的劳动力,这项工作就将准时完成。(若用 was 代替 will be,则前面的 Given 短语变为表示原因,句意就改为:由于提供了充分的劳动力,这项工作准时完成了。)
- Considered as a building material, wood is neither strong nor cheap. 虽把木材看作是一种建筑材料,但它既不坚固又不便宜。(让步)
- The metal or nonmetal is written first in the formula, followed by oxygen. 在化学式中先写金属或非金属,其后是氧。(方式状语)
- The chemistry professor sat there surrounded by many students. 化学教授坐在那儿,有许多学生围着他。(方式或陪衬)
过去分词短语作状语,一般用逗号与句中其它成分隔开,但个别也有不用逗号的情况,如本句即是如此。
如果过去分词短语接在名词后面,前后有逗号,那么就必须根据上下文判别它是状语(条件、方式、时间、原因等)还是非限制性定语。例如:
- Sometimes a coarse wheel, properly used, gives a much better finish than the traditional fine wheel. 只要使用得当,有时一个粗砂轮比传统的细砂轮能提供远为更好的精细加工。(句中过去分词短语作状语。)
- Our research group, led by Prof . Ouyang, is developing software. 我们研究小组在欧阳教授领导下正在开发软件。(同上)
- The two companies, united by the common interest, have been supporting each other in the last five years. 这两个公司凭共同的利益联合在一起,在过去的五年中一直互相支持。
- The new Law of Sea, discussed by many countries, will be brought into effect in the near future. 这个新的海洋法经过许多国家讨论后,将在不久的将来生效。
- Chemical energy, stored in the ground in the form of solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, is the energy of greatest importance to the world. 化学能贮藏在地下的固态、液态或气态燃料内。它是对世界具有很重要意义的一种能量。(过去分词短语作非限制性定语。)
- This (being) done, we went home. 这件事做完后,我们就回家了。(时间)
- The assembling of the machine (being) completed, I started operating it. 机器安装完毕,我就开始操作。
- After much time spent, they solved all the problems. 花了许多时间以后,他们解出了所有的题。
- This process is known as heat passed on by conduction. 这个过程称为通过传导的传热。
- I work with the lamp lighted. 我亮着灯工作。(状语)
- Without a word more spoken, they went away. 没有再说一句话,他们就走开了。(状语)
- Atoms with the outer layer filled do not form compounds. 外层填满的原子不形成化合物。(定语)
- China’s railway network has had a significant renovation with most trains’ running time altered and their speed raised. 中国铁路网已有了一次重大的改革,大多数火车运行时刻有变化而且车速提高。
- This production process has been computer controlled. 这个生产过程已由计算机来控制了。(被动态谓语组成部分)
- They turn out a lot of heat-treated plates everyday. 他们每天生产大量的经过热处理的钢板。(定语)
- These trees were machine planted, and those (were) hand planted. 这些树是机器种植的,而那些树是人工种植的。(表语)
- They found Beijing greatly changed. 他们发觉北京大大地变了样。
- We noticed these things changed. 我们注意到这些东西换掉了。
- We were there ourselves and saw it done. 我们亲自在那儿,看着把那件事做好的。
- When you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood. 你说话,至少要让别人听懂。
- He got (或 had) his high defination TV repaired (或 serviced). 他请人把他的高清晰度电视机修好了。
- I consider the two wires as connected. 我认为这两根线接上了。
- They should be kept informed of this matter. 应该让他们知道这件事。(be informed of… 作“接到……的通知”讲。)比较:We should keep them informed of this matter.(宾语补语)
- The ingots can be seen rolled into aluminium foil in some plants. 在某些工厂里,可以看到这些铝锭被轧制成铝箔。比较:In some plants one can see the ingots rolled into aluminium foil.(宾语补语)
- The glass rod was found electrified.(当时)发现那根玻璃棒带电了。
- The energy stored in the clock spring is released when needed. 钟的发条所贮藏的能量,在需要时就释放出来。
- Anybody, when heated to a sufficient high temperature, becomes a source of light. 任何物体,当它被加热到足够的高温时,就变成了一种光源。
- Suspension—a mixture that will separate if left to stand. 悬浮液是一种混合物,如果让它静置,它就会发生分离。
- A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. 若没有受到外力作用,运动的物体继续作匀速直线运动。
- A beam of light will not bend round corners unless made to do so with the help of a reflecting device. 光束不能拐弯,除非借助于反射装置才能拐弯。(句中to do so… 为主语补语。)
- The machines will run well provided that they are greased in time. 这些机器只要及时上油,就会运转得很好。
- Granted that this is true, what conclusion can you reach? 即使这是实际情况,你又能得到什么结论呢?
The results obtained differed depending on the substance used. 所得到的结果取决于所用的物质而各不相同。
这里三个 -ed 中,第一、三个各与前面的名词有被动态关系,可视为作后置定语。differed 是不及物动词变来的,加上前后都没有名词,根本作不了定语。它在句中作谓语的过去时形式,无论从语法分析和逻辑意义看来,都特别合适。
- He is gone. 他不在这里了。(本句是 He has gone 后的现状。)
- I saw the newly arrived chief engineer. 我见到了那位新到的总工程师。
- Spring is come. 春满人间.
- The leaves are fallen in the garden. 花园里叶落满地。类似的例子还有:returned students 归国留学生;retired workers 退休工人;the risen sun 升起了的太阳等
- Water solutions of all acids can turn a certain natural dye, called litmus, from blue to red. 所有酸的水溶液,都能使称之为石蕊的某一种天然染料由蓝变红。(非限制性定语。联系 called litmus 前加 which is,就变为非限制性定语从句。)
- The volume of all the molecules in a gas is very small compared with the volume of the gas itself at ordinary pressure. 气体中所有分子的体积,与常压下该气体本身的体积相比,是非常小的。(状语)
- A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions by weight. (composed… elements 说明 substance, chemically… weight elements.) 化合物是由两个或两个以上的元素所构成的物质,但这些元素是按一定的重量比例化合的。(直译为:化合物是由按一定重量比例化合的两个或两个以上的元素所构成的物质。)
- A computer is an apparatus built to perform routine calculations with speed, reliability, and ease. 计算机是为了快速、可靠、容易地进行程序计算而制造出来的机器。
- The thing formed when an element combines with oxygen is called oxide. 当一种元素同氧化合时所生成的东西就叫做氧化物。(从句说明 formed。)
- The oxide Fe3O4 formed by burning iron in oxygen is different from the oxide Fe2O3 produced when iron rusts. 铁在氧中燃烧所生成的氧化物 Fe3O4,是和铁生锈时所产生的氧化物 Fe2O3 不同的。(从句说明 produced。)
- Air pollution called No.1 health enemy. 空气污染 —— 健康的头号敌人。
- Investment shortage eased 投资短缺缓和。
- Sparetime education promoted 业余教育获得发展。
- US missile said to bring down Iraq plane.(据悉)美国导弹击落伊拉克飞机。
Electrical Energy. The energy associated with electric charges and their movements. Measured in watt-hours or kilowatt-hours. One watt-hour equals 860 calories. 电能。由电荷和电荷运动结合而成的能量. 以瓦特小时或千瓦小时计量。1 瓦特小时等于 860 卡。
上段文字中第二部分不是一个句子,associated(结合)不是过去时形式,而是过去分词作 energy(能量)的定语。第三部分 measured(测量,计量)也不是过去时,而是过去分词。它与第二部分不同的,是把 measured 前的 energy 和 is 省略了。第四部分才是一个完整的句子。辞典为了节省篇幅,有时采用这样一种压缩文字的办法,因此我们在阅读时就要注意这种特殊情况,学会“对于具体情况作具体的分析”方法,广开思路,特别注意从意义上进行逻辑判断。