主动态表示句子的主语是行为的发生者或执行者;被动态表示句子的主语是行为的承受者,即行为的对象。原主动句中的主语必须通过介词 by 引出来表示行为的发生者,而谓语必须用“be 的相应时态 + 过去分词”来表示。例如:
- We built this plant in 1958. 1958 年我们盖了这个厂。(过去一般时主动态)
- This plant was built by us in 1958. 这个工厂是由我们于 1958 年建造的。(过去一般时被动态)
- Computer viruses have infected these computers. 计算机病毒已感染了这些计算机。(现在完成时主动态)
- These computers have been infected by computer vi. ruses. 这些计算机已被计算机病毒感染了。(现在完成时被动态)
现以动词 tell [告诉]为例,列出被动态的各种时态表示形式的简表如下:
- 被动态没有将来进行时和完成进行时的各种时态;
- 有情态动词的被动态构成形式是“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”。
- 被动态中的 be 有时可用 get, remain, become, grow 等替换,词义有所变化。例如:Our technique is becoming increasingly specialized. 我们的技术正变得越来越专门化了.
- Our work has been finished. 我们的工作已结束。
主动态句:We have finished our work.- The shops were hurt by a weak market for conditioners. 这些商店受到疲软的空调器市场的打击。
主动态句:A weak market for conditioners hurt the shops.- Theory must be combined with practice. 理论必须结合实际。
主动态句:We must combine theory with practice.
- Heat and light are given off by the chemical change. 热和光可由该化学变化放出。
主动态句:The chemical change gives off heat and light.- The TV set has been turned on. 电视机已经(被)打开了。
主动态句:Somebody(某人)has turned on the TV set.
- Petroleum is known to be a mixture. 我们都知道石油是一种混合物。(未按原文被动态结构翻译)
主动态句:We know petroleum to be a mixture.- Mr. Fang was seen repairing the washer. 有人看见方先生在修理洗衣机。(未按原文被动态结构翻译)
主动态句:Somebody saw Mr. Fang repairing the washer.- The glass rod was found electrified. 当时发现该玻璃棒是带电的。(未按原文被动态结构翻译)
主动态句:We found the glass rod electrified.- It is generally considered wrong to study without a plan. 一般认为,学习无计划是错误的做法。(未按原文被动态结构翻译。It 为形式主语,不定式短语为真正主语。)
主动态句:We generally consider it wrong to study without a plan. (it 为形式宾语,不定式短语为真正宾语。)- Radio waves are regarded as radiant energy. 无线电波被认为是辐射能。
主动态句:We regard radio waves as radiant energy.- This conclusion was accepted as true. (那时)这个结论人们信以为真。(未按原文被动态结构翻译)
主动态句:People accepted this conclusion as true.- Water can be shown as containing admixtures. 可以证明水含有杂质. (未按原文被动态结构翻译)
主动态句:We can show water as containing admixtures.- The wire is considered as disconnected. 这根线被认为是断开了。(主动态句略)
- I was given the book by the teacher. 老师把这本书给了我. (未按原文被动态结构翻译)
主动态句:The teacher gave me the book.
试比较另一种被动态句:The book was given me by the teacher.- You will if shown our workshop. 将领你参观我们的车间。(未按原文被动态结构翻译)
主动态句:I shall show you our workshop.
试比较另一种被动态句:Our workshop will be shown (to) you.
注:当间接宾语为人或团体而直接宾语为物时,一般倾向于以代表人或团体的间接宾语作主语来构成被动态。
- It was not until 1835, however, that this phenomenon was given a name. 可是,直到1835年这个现象才有一个名称。
- The plan was approved of. 这个计划得到赞同。
主动态句:All of us(我们大家)approved of the plan.- The matter was very often talked about. 这件事曾被多次谈到。
主动态句:All of us talked about the matter very often.- After a while an agreement was arrived at. 过一会儿达成了一致的意见。
主动态句:All of us arrived at an agreement after a while.- The lost pen is being looked for. 丢失的钢笔正在寻找中。必须注意,主动态句中的介词宾语能变为被动态句中主语的,只限于某些固定词组。例如:listen to… (听…),account for…(说明…),acton (或 upon)…(作用于…),agree on…(对…同意),call for…(要求…),rely on (或 upon)…(依靠…),depend on (或 upon)…(信赖),resort to…(求助于…),think of…(想到…),look at…(看…),look after…(照料…,看管…),refer to…(查阅…,参考…),speak of…(讲到…),talk about…(谈到…),discriminate against…(歧视…),arrive at…(得出结论即 the conclusion)等。
- Computers can be made full use of in the production processes. 计算机是可以在这些生产过程中充分利用的。
主动态句:We can make full use of computers in the production processes. 但是本句也可改用动词的宾语作被动态句中的主语,即:Full use can be made of atomic energy in the production processes.- The development of information technology has been paid attention to by our government. 信息技术的开发已受到我国政府的重视。
主动态句:Our government has paid attention to the development of information. 我国政府已重视信息技术的开发。本句还可改成用动词的宾语作被动态句中的主语,即:Attention has been paid to the development of information technology by our government.- Such things will be taken proper care of. 这些事要给予适当注意。
主动态句:We will take proper care of such things.
本句也可改成以动词宾语作被动态句的主语,即:Proper care will be taken of such things.
- The boat was soon lost sight of in the fog. 不久小船在雾中看不见了。(主动态句:People soon lost sight of the boat in the fog. )必须注意,本类句型能改成被动态的,一般只限于某些常用的固定词组。
例如:lay stress on…(强调…),make reference to…(提到…,参考…),make allowance for…(估计到…),make mention of…(提到…)等。
- This liquid became mixed with the salt at room temperature. 该液体在室温下与盐混合了。
- All her works got talked about a little。对她的所有著作(当时)都略加议论一番。
- Photographic plates become darkened on exposure to X-rays. 照相胶片一曝露于 X 射线后立即变暗。
- You are certain (或 bound) to be received warmly. 你们一定会受到热情的接待。
- Everything that is good is sure to be praised. 好事有人夸。
- They are not likely to have been told about it。这件事不大像已经告诉了他们。
- Cast iron is apt to be broken. 生铁容易破裂。
- The problem discussed is very important. 所讨论的问题十分重要。(定语)
- This is a question to be answered at once. 这是一个立即要(给予)回答的问题。(定语)
- The new type of device seems to have been made. 这种新型装置看来已经制成。(主语补语)
- Some molecules are large enough to be seen in the electronic microscope. 有些分子大得足以用电子显微镜看见它们。(状语)
- Water has the property of dissolving sugar; sugar (has) the property of being dissolved by water. 水具有溶解糖的性质,而糖具有被水溶解的性质. (介词宾语)
- The plant being built will be a new chemical plant. 正在盖的那个厂将是一座新的化工厂。(定语)
- Being cooled in the air, the metal hardened. 该金属在空气中冷却时,就硬化了。(状语)
- Having been well insulated, the wire may be used in this machine. 金属丝很好绝缘以后,就可用于该机器中。(状语)
- The question being settled. we all left the room. 问题解决以后,我们都离开了房间。(独立分词结构)
- Heated, the metal expands. 金属受热就膨胀。(状语)
- They daren't ask questions, for they are afraid of being laughed at. 他们不敢提问,因为他们怕遭到嘲笑。(这里介词宾语是涉及主语的动名词被动态。)
- We are agreed on this point. 在这一点上我们同意。(表语)
- We are determined to improve the production process. 我们决心改善这个生产过程。(表语)
“be + 表语”结构表示主语所处的状态,而被动结构则表示一个动作,并且它的时态一般还要与相应的主动结构的时态一致。如果是带表语的结构,就不必这样考虑了。我们列出几组句子加以比较:
- (a) The glass plate is broken. 这玻璃板是破的。(表语)
(b) The glass plate was broken by him. 这玻璃板(当时)被他打碎了。(被动态)- (a) The book is written well. 这本书写得很好。(表语)
(b)The book has been written by our teacher. 这本书已由我们的老师写成。(被动态)
上面例句 3(a) 和 4(a) 的特点是说明玻璃板的破碎状态和书写得好的状态,而例句 3(b) 和 4(b) 则侧重说明“破碎”和“写”这些动作,因此就要求对“何时打碎(或写)的”和“被谁打碎(或写)的”等问题在句中有所体现。句 3(b) 和 4(b) 中用过去时或现在完成时以及“by + 行为主体”的道理即在于此。为了加深印象,再举几例:
- (a)The door was locked when we got back. 当我们回来时,门是锁着的。(过去时表语,表示“门”的过去状态。)
(b) The door had been locked when I got there. 当我到那儿时,门已上销了。(过去完成时被动态,强调行为,表示我到那儿时,已有人早就把门锁上了。)- The window was shut at six when I went by,but I don't know when it was shut. 我在六点钟路过时,这扇窗户是关着的,但我不知这窗户是什么时候关的。(第一个 was shut 表示过去时状态,作表语,而第二个 was shut 表示动作,是过去时被动态。)
- He was listened to with great interest. 当时人们怀着着很大兴趣听他讲话。初学者知道 listened 是 listen (听)的过去分词,但一见到后面的 to 和 with 罗列在一起,就有点迷惑不解。如果改为主动态句,就易于理解:We listened to him with great interest. 我们抱着很大的兴趣听他讲话。
- At light hold was caught of the rope. (当时)这根绳子被拉得很紧。
主动态句:Somebody caught a tight hold of the rope. 注:有时通过连字符带介词的过去分词还可作前置定语。例如:He earned undreamed-of wealth. 他赚得梦想不到的财富。
- A new test is going to be carried out next week. 下周进行新的试验。
- She had to be operated on right away. 当时对她得马上动手术。
- Oil supplies are to be cut back. 石油供应量要削减。
- We are deeply impressed with his good example. 他的好榜样使我们深受感动。
- He was struck with an idea. 他忽然想起了一个主意。(直译为:他被一个想法攫住了。)
- The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room. 书不准携出阅览室外。
- The research work is reported to have been completed yesterday. 据报道,这项研究工作已于昨日完成。
- This instrument is supposed to be used only by skilled workers. 人们认为这个仪表只有技术工人才会使用。
- Oxygen is found combined with many elements. 我们发现氧能和许多元素化合在一起。
The work of month sand the dream of years became nothing. All Edison’s money was gone. 几个月的心血和多年的理想都化为乌有。爱迪生的钱都花光了。
- This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很经洗。
- The pen writes quite smoothly. 这枝钢笔写起来很流畅。
- The book is printing. 该书在印刷中。
- The machines made in China sell very well abroad. 中国制造的机器在国外畅销。
- My cellphone needs repairing (或 to be repaired). 我的移动电话需要修理。
- The floor wants washing (或 to be washed). 这地板需要拖洗了.
- Your shoes require cleaning (或 to be cleaned). 你的鞋要擦擦了。